The studies listed here were conducted at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute or at universities around the world. Each research project was conducted in accord with the highest scientific standards. In many cases, the data were presented at scientific meetings before the results were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. "Peer reviewed" means that each research manuscript is critically reviewed by editors and reviewers (scientists with related expertise) associated with scientific journals to ensure the scientific accuracy and objectivity of the results prior to publication. Each citation is accompanied by an abstract that summarizes the methods, results, and conclusions of the study. In some cases, additional annotations have been added to illustrate the practical relevance of the results.